Gloeotrichia echinulata
| Taxonomic Hierarchy | |
 Gloeotrichia echinulata, which is filamentous may be free-floating or attached, forming colonies. |
|
| Kingdom | Monera – monerans |
| Phylum | Cyanophycota – blue-green algae, cyanophytes |
| Class | Cyanophyceae |
| Order | Nostocales |
| Family | Rivulariaceae |
| Genus | Gloeotrichia Jg. Agardh Ex Bornet and Flah., 1886 |
| Species | Gloeotrichia echinulata (J. Smith) P. Richter |
| Gloeotrichia echinulata, (J. Smith) P. Richter, Taxonomic Serial No.: 1300 | |
Pronunciation key ( zō′ə-spôr′ ) |
zo•o•spore
n.
[zoo + spore].
 The parent cell becomes modified, ruptures and zoospores are released as in the species Ulothrix, (above). |
Algae
Algae contain chlorophyll and able to manufacture their own food and range from microscopic single cells to kelps, growing up to over 200 ft. in length.
Almost all forms of algae are found in water and reproduce either asexually or sexually. Commonly, free-swimming asexual spores (zoospores) are propelled by flagella but many produce various kinds of non-motile asexual spores. In some species the cells for reproduction look similar but are physiologically different. In others, eggs and sperms are produced in separate cells or organs.
Algae are an important food source for all aquatic animals, directly or indirectly. They assist in balancing the oxygen content in water by the release of oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis. Some algae create contamination issues in the water supply by releasing toxins. Some marine forms are used as food, red algae are the source for agar, important in the culture of laboratory bacteria.
Alginic acid, used in ice cream is obtained from brown algae. Diatomaceous earth has many uses such as production of filters, insultation, polishes and cleansers.
The parent cell becomes modified, ruptures and zoospores are released as in the species Ulothrix, (above).
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 Some cells develop large eggs while other forms develop sperm that swim to an egg and fertilize it, forming a zygote. Such an example is the species Oedogonium (above).
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Pronunciation key |
fag•a•ceous
adj. Botany. [< Mod. L. fagaceae name of the family < fagus see BEECH]
Of the beech family of plants; beech, oak, chestnut.
Pertaining to a large family, fagaceae of trees and shrubs having alternate simple leaves, sterile flowers, one cell, one-seeded nuts, the beech family.
Fabian Essays in Socialism
Series of political essays published by the Fabian Society in 1889, 1891, 1908, 1920 and 1931 edited by George Bernard Shaw.
See "The Fabian Society".
Fa•ba•ceous
adj. (botany)
[L. fabaceus < faba a bean] of the pea family of plants.
[L. fabaceus < leguminous]
The pea family of flowering plants within the order of Fabales, and of the family Leguminosae, formerly, Fabaceae of herbs, shrubs and trees characterized by stipulate leaves, irregular flowers and fruits that are true pods or legumes.
This family consists of around 15,000 species of trees, shrubs, vines and herbs and distributed worldwide. The leaves usually are pinnately compound, trifoliate (three leaflets) or palmate (leaflets radiate from a common point). Leaves of a few species are simple or reduced to scales. The fruit is typically encased in a pod that splits open when it dries.
See the extended article, Order (Fabales) Family (Fabaceae)
See Peas and Fabales.
Pronunciation key ( ī′stôk′ ) |
eye•stalk
n.
A characteristic in some crustaceans of having a movable stalk with an eye located at the tip.
Pronunciation key ( ī′əs ) |
ey•as
n.
[faulty division (influenced by ME. ey an egg) of a a nyas, a niais; Fr. niasis nestling < LL. *nidax < L. nidus, a nest].
Pronunciation key ( ek′sō-tok′sin ) |
ex•o•tox•in
n.
Biochem. Exotoxin is defined as one from among a group of toxic substances excreted by certain disease-producing microorganisms: also called true toxin. Toxin is secreted during the life of the organism, either in the body tissues or food or surrounding medium and is recoverable from a culture without destruction of the producing agent. Classically has been defined as poisonous substance secreted by certain bacteria. The term has since been restricted to poison proteins that are antigenic (that is, they stimulate the formation of antibodies and formed by gram-positive bacteria.)
Toxins are formed within and excreted by the bacterial cell which itself is not toxic, and found in its immediate surroundings. Exotoxins are heat labile, and protein in nature. They are detoxified with retention of antigenicity by treatment with formaldehyde and are the most toxic substances known to man. Bacteria of the genus Clostridium are the chief producers of exotoxins. Such toxins are diptheria, botulism, tetanus and are all caused by bacteria.
ex’o•tox′ic (adj.)
Compare with endotoxin.
Pronunciation key ( e-skol′əp ) |
es•cal•lop, es•cal•op
n.
[OFr. escalope, a shell, see SCALLOP].
| Taxonomic Hierarchy | |
 |
|
| Kingdom | Animalia – Animal, animals |
| Phylum | Mollusca – mollusques, molusco, molluscs, mollusks |
| Class | Bivalvia Linnaeus, 1758 – clams, bivalves, bivalve |
| Subclass | Pteriomorphia Beurlen, 1944 |
| Order | Ostreoida |
| Family | Pectinidae Rafinesque, 1815 |
| Genus | Argopecten Monterosato, 1889 |
| Direct Children: | |
| Species | Argopecten aequisulcatus (Carpenter, 1864) |
| Species | Argopecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Atlantic calico scallop |
| Species | Argopecten irradians (Lamarck, 1819) – bay scallop |
| Species | Argopecten lineolaris (Lamarck, 1819) – lined scallop |
| Species | Argopecten nucleus (Born, 1778) – nucleus scallop |
| Species | Argopecten ventricosus (G. B. Sowerby II, 1842) – Pacific calico scallop |
| Argopecten, Monterosato, 1889, Taxonomic Serial No.: 79732 | |
Pronunciation key ( e-pij′ə-nəs ) |
e•pig•y•nous
adj.
[epi- + gynous].
Indicating the characteristic of having petals, sepals and stamens that are all attached to the top of the ovary as though inserted. This characteristic is in contrast with hypogynous.
Pronunciation key ( ep′ə-kā′liks ) |
ep•i•ca•lyx
n [pl. EPICALYXES (-lik-siz, ik-siz) EPICALYCES (-li-sēz′, -i-sēz′)].
[Mod. L.; epi + calyx].
Ring of leaflets which are called brachts located on the base of some flowers resembling an additional outer calyx.
Pronunciation key ( ē′ən ) |
e•on
n.
[LL.; Gr. aiōn an age, lifetime. eternity.].
An indefinate but extremely lengthy period of time measured in thousands of thousands of years. Also spelled aeon.
Pronunciation key ( ē′ō-hip′əs ) |
e•o•hip•pus
n.
[Mod. L. < eo- + Gr. hippos horse].
An extinct prehistoric ancestor of the modern horse which was about the size of a fox and had toes instead of hoofs.
Pronunciation key ( ē′ə-sēn ) |
E•o•cene
adj.
[eo- + Gr. kainos new].
Pronunciation key ( ī′dẽr ) |
ei•der [pl. EIDERS (-dẽrz)
n.
[ON. æthar genit. of æthr eider duck via earlier Swed. eider].
| Taxonomic Hierarchy | |
 King Eider, Somateria spectabilis |
|
| Kingdom | Animalia – Animal, animals |
| Phylum | Chordata – chordates |
| Subphylum | Vertebrata – vertebrates |
| Class | Aves – Birds |
| Order | Anseriformes – Ducks, Geese, Screamers, Swans, Waterfowl, canards, cygnes, oies, sauvagine |
| Family | Anatidae – Ducks, Geese, Swans, canards, cygnes, oies |
| Subfamily | Anatinae |
| Direct Children: | |
| Genus | Aix F. Boie, 1828 – Wood Ducks |
| Genus | Amazonetta Boetticher, 1929 |
| Genus | Anas Linnaeus, 1758 – Dabbling Ducks |
| Genus | Asarcornis Salvadori, 1895 |
| Genus | Aythya F. Boie, 1822 – Diving Ducks |
| Genus | Biziura Stephens, 1824 |
| Genus | Bucephala S. F. Baird, 1858 – Goldeneyes |
| Genus | Cairina Fleming, 1822 |
| Genus | Callonetta Delacour, 1936 |
| Genus | Camptorhynchus Bonaparte, 1838 – Labrador Ducks |
| Genus | Chenonetta Brandt, 1836 |
| Genus | Clangula Leach, 1819 – Oldsquaws |
| Genus | Heteronetta Salvadori, 1865 |
| Genus | Histrionicus Lesson, 1828 – Harlequin Ducks |
| Genus | Lophodytes Reichenbach, 1853 – Hooded Mergansers |
| Genus | Lophonetta Riley, 1914 |
| Genus | Malacorhynchus Swainson, 1831 |
| Genus | Marmaronetta Reichenbach, 1853 |
| Genus | Melanitta F. Boie, 1822 – Scoters |
| Genus | Mergellus Selby, 1840 – Smews |
| Genus | Mergus Linnaeus, 1758 – Greater Mergansers |
| Genus | Netta Kaup, 1829 |
| Genus | Nettapus Brandt, 1836 |
| Genus | Nomonyx Ridgway, 1880 |
| Genus | Oxyura Bonaparte, 1828 – Stiff-tailed Ducks |
| Genus | Polysticta Eyton, 1836 – Steller's Eiders |
| Genus | Pteronetta Salvadori, 1895 |
| Genus | Rhodonessa Reichenbach, 1853 |
| Genus | Salvadorina Rothschild & Hartert, 1894 |
| Genus | Somateria Leach, 1819 – Greater Eiders, Typical Eiders |
| Genus | Speculanas Boetticher, 1929 |
Pronunciation key ( poul âr′liH ) |
Paul Ehrlich ( 1854-1915 )
German bacteriologist and physician who received the Nobel prize in medicine in 1908.
"In the early part of the 20th century Paul Ehrlich began to search for ‘the silver bullet’ against the syphilis spirochete. He was inspired by Breinl and Thomas’s success treating sleeping sickness with an organic arsenical. In 1907 he synthesized arsphenamine (later marketed as Salvarsan) with contained 32% arsenic.†
The treatment was lengthy and unpleasant. It was given by intravenous infusion and would be alternated with intramuscular mercury. Two month courses of intravenous arsphenamine would then be alternated with intramuscular Bismuth. The minimum duration of treatment would exceed 18 months and comprise about 60 injections.‡
Silver arsphenamine was also used intravenously in children to treat congenital syphilis. Its dark brown color made it difficult to ensure the syringe was in a vein. When injected extravenously, it caused an acute tissue necrosis often followed by a generalised exfoliative dermatitis.†† An effective treatment was not possible until dimercaprol was available (originally developed to treat arsenical blister gas in world war II)."
A History of Unethical Research: Syphilology
†Thorburn AL. Paul Ehrlich:pioneer of chemotherapy and cure by arsenic (1854-1915). Br J Vener Dis. 1983;59(6):404-5.
‡Marlow FW Jr. Syphilis then and now. JAMA 1974;230(9):1320-1.
††Snedden IB. Then and now. Clin and Exp Dermatol 1984;9:3-17.
